Modern History covers mainly the 19th and 20th centuries. Ancient History stretches back to the first written records of humanity. For the HSC examination, Modern History requires 2 essays in the HSC exam compared to one for Ancient History, however, both require substantial reading and writing. Furthermore, Ancient History tends to have a social, cultural, and archaeological focus, while Modern History emphasises domestic politics and international affairs. Ancient History also requires the study of a key historical personality, while Modern History focuses on the forces, such as ideas, nations and movements that shaped the 20th century.